|
REDUCES SCOURS
MYCO-TOXIN
BINDER
The
effectiveness of zeolites as myco-toxin binders is widely recognized
throughout the world,
but its use in the United States is not accepted by
the USDA.
IMPROVED FEED
CONVERSION
FLOW
AGENT/ANTI CAKING AGENT
in feed components
INCREASED PELLET DURABILITY
Allows higher
temperatures in pellet mills that increase production and gelatinization
that make
more durable pellets.
REDUCED
NECESSITY FOR ANTIBIOTICS
BRZ™ enhances growth
without the need for antibiotics.
REDUCES
PHOSPHATE POLLUTION AND INCREASES BONE GROWTH
Two factors reduce
phosphate pollution. First, increased solubility of phosphates in the hog
allows the reduction of phosphate in the feed rations. This reduces the
phosphate in the manure
and the soil that it is applied to. Second, by using
BRZ in the feed ration and in the composting
operation, the nitrogen is
increased in the compost. An increase in the nitrogen in the “nitrogen
to
phosphate” ratio results in the increased plant uptake of phosphate and a
reduction of the
phosphate pollution. BRZ helps solubilize phosphate from
dicalcium phosphate and other
calcium phosphate sources that enhance bone
growth.
INCREASED PRODUCTION
Less ammonia gas in the
barn decreases respiratory problems, diarrhea, mortality rate, and
greater
food intake result in healthier hogs that gain faster.
INCREASED NITROGEN
CONTENT OF MANURE AND COMPOST
BRZ™ increases and fixes
the nitrogen in the manure and compost so that it is plant accessible
but
not water-soluble. It stops the gassing of the nitrogen as ammonia.
BRZ™ ADDS VALUE TO
MANURE AND COMPOST
The introduction of BRZ™
with the manure or compost to the soil has the benefit of increasing
water
retention, holding the nitrogen and other nutrients in the growth zone,
provides a medium
for the future capture of nitrogen, increases the ion
exchange capacity of the soil, provides
potassium and calcium, and enhances
infiltration and aeration of the soil. BRZ™ is a value
added soil amendment
that should be advertised.
ODOR CONTROL
Reducing the ammonia gas
in the barn and compost areas reduces the odor.
FLY CONTROL
Reduced ammonia gas and
increased moisture absorption helps control flies.
INCREASED ANIMAL
WELFARE
Greater animal health
creates better animal welfare, better meat, greater production, and lesser
usage of antibiotics and medicines that may have lasting adverse effects to
the human
population.
GROUNDWATER POLLUTION
CONTROL
Fixing the nitrogen and
various heavy metals reduces the pollution of the groundwater with
nitrates
and nitrites.
|
USE OF ZEOLITES IN
ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN XLOVAKIA: A REVIEW
P. BARTKO, H.
SEIDEL, and G. KOVAČ
University of
Veterinary Medicine, Košice 04181, Slovakia |
Experimental:
Swine. On two farms, the
effect of 5% supplementation (85 and 105 days, respectively) of the
Slovakian zeolite (CEC = 0.80-0.85 meq/g, particle size = <0.315 mm) in
rations of fattening swine
(supplemented groups = 383 and 494 animals, control groups = 379 and 490
animals, respectively)
was evaluated in relation to weight gain and feed consumption.
Results:
Swine. The supplementation
of zeolite resulted in a reduction in the amount of feed consumed per
kilogram of weight gain (Table 1). On the first farm, a reduction of about
10% was recorded.
|
Table 1. Weight
gain and feed consumption of swine after zeolite supplementation. |
|
|
Supplemented
group |
Control Group |
|
|
Weight gain
(kg/day) |
Feed cons.
(kg/kg) |
Weight gain
(kg/day) |
Feed cons.
(kg/kg) |
|
Farm 1 |
0.639 |
3.51 |
0.655 |
3.93 |
|
Farm 2 |
0.589 |
3.83 |
0.562 |
4.16 |
|
CSAE
Zeolite as Mineral Feed Supplement
To Reduce Odours
And Improve Swine Performance
By
Denis Choiničre and Suzelle Barrington
July 5 - 9, 1998 at Vancouver, BC |
Grower hogs fed a ration
supplement with zeolite and the growth performance was prepared to that of
another group of grower hogs, of identical initial weight, sex and breed,
but fed fine sand. The two groups
of hogs were housed in identical rooms,
where the room temperature was maintained at the same level.
The experiment
demonstrated that zeolite should be supplemented at a rate increasing from
2% for hogs
weighing 20 kg to 5% for hogs weighing over 50 kg. Such levels
of supplemental zeolite improved the feed
conversion ratio by 0.33 kg of
feed by kg of body weight gain for hogs grown from 20 to 100 kg. This
represents a net profit gain of 4.50$ CDN/hog grown, if the feed and the
zeolite cost 250$/ton and 350$/ton,
respectively.
|
TESTING :
Chapter VIII; Using Zeolites in Agriculture
Frederick A. Mumpton, Department of the Earth Sciences, State
University College,
Brockport,
NY 14420 |
Kondo and Wagai (39) evaluated the use of
zeolites in the diets of young and mature Yorkshire pigs in
60-
and 79-day experiments,
respectively, and found that the weight gain of animals of both ages
receiving diets
containing 5 percent clinoptilolite was from
25
to 29 percent
greater than that of animals receiving normal
diets (table 6). Feed
supplemented with zeolites gave rise to feed efficiencies about 35 percent
greater than
those of normal rations when fed to young pigs, but only about
6 percent greater when given to older animals. In addition, the particle
size of the feces of the control group was noticeably coarser than that of
the experiment group, suggesting that the digestive process was more
thorough when zeolites were added to
the diet. The feces of animals in the
control group were also richer in all forms of nitrogen than zeolite-fed
animals, indicating
that the zeolites contributed toward a more efficient conversion of
feedstuff nitrogen to
animal protein. The digestibility of crude protein and
nitrogen-free extracts tended to be improved as zeolite
was substituted for
wheat bran in swine diets at levels from 1 to 6 percent over a 12-week
period (24,26).
Anai, et al. (5), reported similar results using 5 percent
zeolite for 8 pigs over a 12-week period and realized
a 4-percent decrease
in the cost of producing body weight. They also noted a decrease in malodor
and
moisture content of the excrement, Toxic or other adverse effects were
not noted for any of the test animals described. On the contrary, the
presence of zeolites in swine rations appears to contribute measurably to
the wellbeing of the animals.
Tests
carried out on 4,000 head of swine in Japan
showed that the death rate and incidence of disease
among animals fed a diet
containing 6 percent clinoptilolite was markedly lower than for control
animals
over a 12-month period (83). As shown in table 7, the decrease in
the number of cases of gastric ulcers,
pneumonia, heart dilation, and in the
overall mortality is remarkable, The savings in medicine alone
amounted to
about 75 cents per animal, to say nothing of the increased value of a larger
number of healthy
pigs. In one test, the addition of zeolite to the diet of
piglets severely afflicted with scours markedly reversed
the progress of
this disease within a few days (53). Four underdeveloped Laundry pigs were
fed a diet
containing 30 percent zeolite for the first 15 days and 10
percent zeolite for the remaining part of a
month-long experiment. The
severity of the disease decreased almost at once, and feces of all pigs were
hard and normal after only 7 days. Although
the pigs consumed an average of 1.75 kg of zeolite per head
per day, no ill
effects were noted, and once they had recovered from diarrheic ailments, the
pigs regained healthy appetites and became vital. A recent Japanese patent
disclosure claimed a method of preventing and treating gastric ulcer in
swine by the addition of zeolite to their diets (49); supportive data,
however, were not reported. Apparently the vitalizing effect of a zeolite
diet can be transferred from mother to offspring. Experiments at the
Ichikawa Livestock Experiment Station, where 400 g of clinoptilolite was fed
each day to pregnant sows and continued through the 35-day weaning period of
their offspring, showed substantial increase in the growth rate of the young
pigs, As shown in table 8, test animals weighed from 65 to 85 percent more
than control-group animals at the end of the weaning period (9). Young pigs
whose dams received the zeolite diet also suffered almost no attacks of
diarrhea, while those in control groups were severely afflicted with scours,
greatly inhibiting their normal growth.
The
addition of 5 percent zeolite to the rations of pregnant sows 20 to 90 days
after mating gave rise to improved FEVs and increased litter weight at
parturition (46), The earlier the zeolite was added, the greater was the
apparent effect. Similar studies were conducted at Oregon State University
with young swine using rations containing 5 percent clinoptilolite (16).
Although lesser increases in growth rates were found than in the Japanese
studies, the incidence of scours was significantly reduced for animals
receiving the zeolite diet.Currently, heavy doses of prophylactic
antibiotics are used to control such intestinal diseases, which, left
unchecked, result in high mortality among young swine after they are weaned.
Federal regulations arebecoming increasingly stringent in this area, and if
antibiotics are prohibited, other means must be found to control such
diseases. Natural zeolites may be the answer. In a preliminary study
involving 16 early weaned pigs over a 19-day
period, animals on an antibiotic-free diet containing 10 percent
clinoptilolite gained about 5 percent more weight per pound of feed than
those on a control diet without antibiotics and about 4 percent more than
those on an antibiotic-enriched diet (table 9) (70). The small number of
pigs used, however, limits the significance of these findings. In another
study, a 30 percent improvement in FEVs occurred for 35 young pigs on a
molasses-based diet when 7.5 percent clinoptilolite was substituted in the
diet during the 35 to 65 kg growth period (table 10) (10). Feces of the
zeolite-fed animals were also less liquid than those on a control diet. The
addition of zeolites had little effect on the FEVs in the 65 to 100 kg
growth range. Heeney (28)
supplemented normal corn-soy rations of 36 pigs with 2,5 and 5 percent
clinoptilolite in a 120-day experiment (table 11). He found little overall
difference in the FEVs; however, for the first 30 days after weaning, FEVs
of 0.455 and 0.424 were obtained for 2.5 and 5.0 percent zeolite,
respectively, compared with a value of 0.382 for the control animals, an
increase of about 15 percent due to the presence of zeolites in the diet.
Little improvement was noted between 30 and 120 days of the treatment.
|
Table 6. Caloric Efficiency of Zeolite
Supplements in Swine Feeding* |
|
|
Age of pigs
Start Finish
(days) |
Average Weight
Start Finish
(kg) (kg) |
Average wt. Gain (kg) |
Average feed intake (kg) |
Average FEV |
Zeolite improvement |
|
Experimental |
60 |
120 |
15.43 |
44.43 |
29.00 |
85.0 |
0.341 |
|
|
Control |
60 |
120 |
14.85 |
35.78 |
22.93 |
90.6 |
0.253 |
35 percent |
|
Experimental |
99 |
178 |
30.73 |
85.30 |
54.57 |
167.6 |
0.326 |
|
|
Control |
99 |
178 |
31.20 |
73.50 |
42.30 |
136.2 |
0.308 |
6 percent |
aKOndo and Wagai (1968)
Tests carried out using 5 percent clinoptilolite in rations of
experimental groups
bExcluded zeolite
cFeed efficiency value -
weight gain/feed intake
‘Eight Yorkshire pigs
eTwenty Yorkshire Pigs
Table 7.—Effect of
Zeolite Diets on Health of Swinea
|
Period |
Zeolite content
of rations |
Sickness Causes
Gastric
ulcer Pneumonia |
Heart
dilatation rate |
Mortality
(percent) |
Medicine
cost/head |
|
2/72 to 1/73 |
0 |
77 |
128 |
6 |
4.0 |
$2.50 |
|
2/73 to 1/74 |
6 percent
clinoptilolite |
22 |
51 |
4 |
2.6 |
$1.75 |
aTest carried out on
4,000 swine at
Keai Farm, Morioka, Iwate Prefecture, Japan (Torii, 1974)
Table 8.—Effect of
Prenatal Zeolite Diet on Newborn Pigsa
|
Species |
No. of pigs |
Group |
Average weight
(kg) |
Weight gain
improvement |
|
Newborn |
21-days |
35-days |
|
Yorkshire |
6 |
Experimental |
1.25 |
4.3 |
7.83 |
|
|
Yorkshire |
10 |
Control |
1.10 |
4.2 |
4.81 |
63 percent |
|
Laundry |
6 |
Experimental |
1.20 |
4.7 |
8.68 |
|
|
Launndry |
10 |
Control |
1.10 |
4.0 |
4.67 |
96 percent |
aTest carried out at
lchikawa Livestock Experiment station, Japan Four hundred grams of
clinoptilolite given to sows n experimental
group per
day and continued to end of weaning period (Buto and Takenashi, 1967)
bweight-gain of
experimental animals - weight-gain of control animals x 100.
.
Table 9.—Effect of
Zeolite Supplement in the Diets of Early Weaned Pigsa
|
|
Basal diet |
Zeolite diet |
Antibiotic diet |
|
Number of pigs .
. |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
Average daily
weight gain (g). . |
245 |
245 |
304 |
|
Feed efficiency
value (FEV)e
(weight
gain/feed intake) . . |
0.432 |
0.455 |
0.437 |
Basal dietb
Zeolite dietc
Antibiotic dietd
aPond and Mumpton (1978
b62% ground yellow corn
10% cerelose, 23% soybean meal, 0.5% salt, 0.5% Hopro R vitamin
supplement, 1.5% ground limestone,
2.5% dicalcium phosphate
cBasal diet less 10%
cerelose plus 10°/0 clinoptilolite, -200 mesh, Castle Creek, Idaho
dBasal diet plus 0.3%
Aurofac 10 antibiotic
eExcluding zeolite.
Table 10.—Effect of
Zeolite Supplement in Molasses-Based Diets of Young Pigsa
|
|
Zeolite level (%) |
|
0 |
2.5 |
5 |
7.5 |
10 |
|
|
35-65 kg growth
stage |
|
Daily gain() |
621 |
694 |
700 |
704 |
659 |
|
Daily intake (g) |
2900 |
3110 |
3090 |
2970 |
3040 |
|
Daily feed intake
(g) |
2900 |
3030 |
2940 |
2750 |
2740 |
|
Feed efficiency
value (FEB) (weight gain/feed intake) |
0.214 |
0.229 |
0.238 |
0.256 |
0.241 |
|
|
65-100 kg growth
stages |
|
Daily gain () |
541 |
582 |
526 |
562 |
535 |
|
Daily intake (g) |
3550 |
3900 |
4260 |
4430 |
4140 |
|
Daily feed intake
(g) |
3550 |
3800 |
4050 |
4100 |
3730 |
|
Feed efficiency
value (FEV)(weight gain/feed intake) |
0.152 |
0.153 |
0.130 |
0.137 |
0.143 |
aCastro and Elias (1978)
blncluding
zeolite
Clntake
less zeolite
‘Excluding zeolite.
Table 11 .—Effect of
Clinoptilolite Supplemental in the Diet of Swinea
|
|
Control |
2.50/0
Clinoptilolite |
50/0
Clinoptilolite |
|
Average initial weight (lb) |
31.6 |
31.7 |
31.7 |
|
30-days:
Average weight (lb)
Average daily weight gain
Feed/pound of gain (lb)
Feed efficiency value |
61.0 |
62.2 |
62.5 |
|
1.09 |
1.12 |
1.17 |
|
2.62 |
2.20 |
2.36 |
|
0.382 |
0.455 |
0.424 |
|
60-days:
Average weight (lb)
Average daily weight gain
Feed/pound of gain (lb)
Feed efficiency value |
105.7 |
107.3 |
106.2 |
|
1.59 |
1.61 |
1.52 |
|
2.80 |
3.05 |
3.09 |
|
0.357 |
0.328 |
0.324 |
|
90-days:
Average weight (lb)
Average daily weight gain
Feed/pound of gain (lb)
Feed efficiency value |
153.7 |
149.6 |
150.0 |
|
1.72 |
1.51 |
1.57 |
|
3.33 |
3.43 |
3.67 |
|
0.300 |
0.292 |
0.272 |
|
120-days:
Average weight (lb)
Average daily weight gain
Feed/pound of gain (lb)
Feed efficiency value |
188.2 |
177.8 |
176.4 |
|
1.56 |
1.28 |
1.27 |
|
3.94 |
5.63 |
4.30 |
|
0.254 |
0.178 |
0.233 |
|
Overall;
Average daily weight gain
Feed/pound of gain (lb)
Feed efficiency value |
1.49 |
1.40 |
1.37 |
|
3.42 |
3.45 |
3.34 |
|
0.292 |
0.290 |
0.299 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
aFrom Heeney (1977), 6
pigs in each treatment. Control diet - 76.9% ground corn, 20% soybean 011
meal, 1.5% dicalcium
phosphate, 0.5% CaCo3, 0.5% salt, 0.1% trace mineral 0.25% vitamin premix,
025°/0 ASP250 antibiotic Zeolite diets contained
25 and 5°A replacement of corn.
bExcluding zeolite
CWeight gain/feed Intake,
excluding zeolite
References
|
5
Anai, Shozo,
Baba, Isayo, Kawabe, Mitsurni,
Akaboshi,
Tatsumasa, and Tacloru, I,, “Feeding
Experiments With
Zeoliteon Swine~’ Kumamot
o - k e n
Chikusan Chosa Sei-sekisho 1975,
101-107, 1976. |
9.
Buto, Kenji, anci
Takahashi, Sada, “Experimental
Useof Zeolite in
Pregnant Sows,” Internal
Rept., Ichikawa
Livestock Exp. Sta., 1967.
|
|
10.
Castro, Mvand
Elias, Aw’’Effect of the InclusionofZeolite
in Final
Molasses-Based Dietson
the Performance
of Grcwing-Fattening Pigs,”
Cuban~.
Agric. Sci. 12, 69-75, 1978.
|
16.
England, D.C.
“EffectofZeolite on Incidence
and Severity of
Scouring and Level of Performance of Pigs During Suckling and Early
Postweaning,” Rept. 17th Swine Day Spec. Rept. 447, Agricul. Exp,
Sta,, Oregon State University, 30-33, 1975. |
|
24.
Han, In K,, Ha,
Jong K,, and Kim, Chun S.,
“Studies on the
Nutritive Value of Zeolites. 1.
Substitution
Levels of Zeolite for Wheat Bran
in the Rations of
Growing-Fishing Swine, ” Korean
J. Anim. Sci. 17, 595-599, 1975.
|
26,
Hayashizaki, T.,
and Tsuneji, N., “Acaricidal
Composition
Containing Lime-Nitrogen,” Japan,
Kokai 73,031,888,
October 1973.
Fish Culture
Systems, ” Ph.D. dissertation,
Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale |
|
28.
Heeney, M. W.,
“ClinoptiIolite in Swine Rations,
” Research Rept,,
Colorado State University,
Ft. Collins, CO
(unpublished), 1977. |
39.
Kondo, N., and
Wagai, B., “Experimental Use
of
Clinoptilolite-Tuff as Dietary Supplement for
Pigs,” Yotonkai,
May 1968, 1-4, 1968, |
|
46
Ma,
Chueng-Shyang, Tzeng, Chii-Ming, Lai,
Ming-Kwei, and
Tsai, A-Hai, “Effect of Zeolite
Feeding of
Pregnant Pigs on the Litter Size at
Birth, ” K’o
Hsueh Nung Yeh (Taipei) 27, 189-192, 1979. |
49.
Makita, Katsuo,
“The Prevention and Treatment
of Gastric Ulcer
for Swine, ” Japan, Kokai
78, 020,437, Feb.
24, 1978.
|
|
53
Morita, Isamu,
“Efficiency of Zeolite-SS in Underdeveloped
Pigs Affected
With Diarrhea,” Internal
Rept., Gifu-city
Animal Husbandry Center,
Gifu, Japan,
1967. |
70.
Pond, W. G., and
Mumpton, F. A., “Effect of
Zeolite
Supplementation of Early Weaned Pig
Diets on Growth,
Feed Utilization, and Diarrhea,”
Anim. Sci. Swine
Memo 78-2, Cornell
University, 1978. |
|
83.
Torii, Kazuo,
“Utilization of Natural Zeolites in
Japan.”
In: Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties,
Use, L. B.
Sand and F. A. Mumpton (eds.)
(Elmsford, NY:
Pergamon Press, 1978). |
|
|
CONSIDERATIONS IN FEEDING, MANURE
TREATMENT, ODOR REDUCTION, AND USE OF SWINE MANURE FOR PLANT
NUTRIENT VALUE |
INTRODUCTION
Swine production, like many other Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO’s)
in the U.S. has been
the focus of regulations by states more than most other CAFO’s. It seems
that noxious odors are a primary
factor, but potential phosphate pollution of soil and water are concerns of
the environmental community.
Suggestions presented here include some aspects of feeding and manure
handling and treatment that may
improve conditions of swine productivity and profitability and may reduce
offensive odor generation at producer
sites. References documenting benefits of zeolite (clinoptilolite) additive
to swine feed for improved health and
reduced odor from manure are listed in the “Selected References”.
The introduction of phytase in feed additive for swine (and poultry) has
improved metabolic assimilation of
phosphate and thereby reduced the amounts of phosphorous in swine (and
poultry) manure. The use of
chemisorbents (natural clinoptilolite) in feed has virtually eliminated
mycotoxin (e.g. aflatoxins)-caused
mortality, and improved swine health and thus improved profits. The
clinoptiloite added to feed also reduces
the potential for fungal growth on the feed in humid areas by absorbing
water.
Most large swine producers use washdown, or water dilution of the manure.
Thus most swine manure storage
facilities involve liquid plus solid manure storage in lagoons, or ponds.
These are typically 5-25 feet deep.
Anaerobic digesters offer the most effective elimination of manure-generated
odors, and also reduce energy
costs. However this method of conversion requires a significant capital
cost.
Odor Generation, Causes, and Methods of
Reduction Offensive odors are generated chiefly by exposure of
manure to air and the associated generation of ammonia (NH3) gas
from ammonium (NH4+). However, many
other gases are generated during oxidation of manure. Many approaches to
the reduction of offensive odors
from production sites have been used.
Odor control for hog production may include closed systems, ventilation,
feed, handling in the production unit,
and storage, handling, and spreading of wastes. Odor emissions from the
manure storage lagoons or ponds
are significantly reduced by having a floating permeable blanket. Anaerobic
digesters use an inflatable airtight
plastic cover to capture biogas for methane recovery; the methane is either
flared (burned) or used to power
internal combustion engines which generate heat and electricity. This
system eliminates odors because all
of the gases are isolated. Another method of handling the solids is “in
vessel composting” where the wet
solids are placed in a large heated rotating drum; solids go in one end and
out the other in 3 days. The largest
unit is about 96 yd3. These are manufactured by B W Organics,
Inc. of Sulphur Springs, TX.
Several studies have shown that 40% or more of the N excreted from hog
production is lost to the air from the
barn, during storage, and following field application.
Ammonia may have a short residence time in the air. It may be converted to
ammonium nitrate or ammonium
sulfate as particulates in the size range of a few micrometers (e.g. 2.5
microns) that are carried as aerosols.
These particulates may attach to, or be precipitated on airborne dust.
Inhalation of these aerosols has been
shown to have adverse respiratory health affects on humans (and
animals/poultry). These particles bypass the
normal defenses of the respiratory system. It has been documented that some
farm workers have developed
respiratory problems such as chronic bronchitis, occupational asthma, or
farmer’s lung disease.
It
must be acknowledged that at present, there is no single or multiple control
technology method(s) to
economically eliminate the offensive odors generated by swine producer
feeding and associated manure disposal
operations. At best, however, it is thought that there can be a reduction
in the odors that are more than just
unpleasant, and also reduce those associated atmospheric reactions of
ammonia with nitrates and sulfates
that may induce human respiratory health problems.
Clinoptiloite (zeolite) feed additive for swine has been shown to reduce
ammonium concentration in manure,
and also to reduce the amount of protein required in the feed. In addition,
clinoptilolite would aid in reducing
ammonia generation if it was added to the fresh manure in the
rearing/finishing area.
METHODS, LOGIC, AND CHEMISTRY OF CONTROLLING ODORS
AND NITROGEN LOSSES FROM SWINE MANURE
I. Treatment
Before Excretion
Numerous studies of the beneficial effects of using clinoptilolite (zeolite)
feed additive for improved health and
reduction of odor production have been done. These include Pond (1995),
Poulson and Oksbjerg, (1995),
Uygongco and others (1999), Veldman and Vander Aar, (1997), and
Yannakopoulos and others (2000), and
reports in languages other than English.
A
significant effect of zeolite in the alimentary tract includes the reaction
that involves the ion exchange of
ammonium into the zeolite, where the ammonium displaces cations such as Ca,
K, and Na—due to the higher
affinity of zeolite for the ammonium in cation sites. Ammonium in the
cation sites is not water soluble, and it is
protected from bacterial degradation. This practice reduces nitrogen losses
before excretion.
II. Treatment of
Fresh Manure and Related Wastewater
Ř Addition
of zeolite to fresh manure provides a means of capturing ammonium by ion
exchange,
although ammonium N is only about one-half of the total N in fresh manure.
The remainder of
the N in manure is chiefly organically bound N—some of which will be
naturally converted to
ammonium N. In the absence of zeolite, as natural degradation of manure
takes place, during
the first 3-4 days most of the N is lost as ammonia gas, and some is lost as
nitrate or nitrite
during natural oxidation of the organically-bound N. Lefcourt and Meisinger
(2001) recently
found that by adding 6.25% zeolite to dairy slurry reduced ammonium
volatilization by 55%.
Harris and others (undated) report that the
average annual ammonia emissions from fattening
(finishing) barns in North Carolina were 3.69 kg/hog/yr, but during the
summer emission rates
were 4.81 kg/hog/yr. Other studies in the U.S. and Europe report annual
rates ranging from
about 2-5 kg/hog/yr. Taking a mid-range of 3.5 kg/hog/yr amounts to an
ammonia gas N loss
of 6.36 lb/hog/yr, or 0.0174 lb/hog/day. For a 1,000 head hog barn this
amounts to an
ammonia N loss of 17.4 lbs/day, or 6,351 lbs/yr. If half of this could be
retained as fertilizer N,
it amounts to about $950 of N value per 1,000 head hog barn, while
significantly reducing odor
problems.
Ř
For swine lagoons the
report of Ham (1999) indicates the average concentration of ammonium N
in several swine lagoons in Kansas was about 670 mg/L (ppm). Reports as
high as about
1,200 mg/L of ammonium N have been reported for some swine lagoons. Small
amounts of
zeolite added directly to the lagoons would reduce ammonia emissions by
ammonium capture.
If aeration of the normally reducing environment in the lower part of the
lagoon is done, H2S is
oxidized to produce sulfate ions. Calcium ions displaced from the zeolite
by ammonium will
combine with the sulfate to form gypsum (CaSO4), which is
beneficial to soil properties in terms
of plant nutrition. In addition, Ca ions displaced from zeolite may combine
with manure derived
orthophosphate to form a non-crystalline Ca-phosphate that is not highly
soluble in near-neutral
pH soils, but provides plant-available phosphate.
III. Composting
Solids
Ř Unenclosed
or outdoor composting of swine manure solids is not reasonable because of
high
nitrogen losses from N in organically bound N, large ammonium emissions
generating noxious
odors, occupies too much real estate, is labor intensive due to turning, and
losses of N, P, and K
due to precipitation. In addition, during winter months of cold climates,
proper composting
temperatures cannot be maintained.
Ř
Either enclosed vessel composting (barns), or mechanical in vessel
composting rotating drums
such as the design of B W Organics, Inc. could be used for swine manure
separated solids.
However, in order to obtain the correct Carbon/Nitrogen ratio of 15-30,
material such as chopped
wheat or barley straw would have to be added. The zeolite that was added
either to the feed or to
the fresh manure, or both, should report to the solid fraction of the
solid/liquid separation process,
adding the N value to the composted product. For the rotating drum
composter, with a 96 cu yd
capacity, 33 cu yd of manure solids plus chopped straw with 50 % moisture is
added each day
and the composted product is finished in 3 days. This eliminates outdoor
storage and
significantly reduces airborne noxious odors. The composted product
qualifies for use on
“Organic” grown labels on produce, grain, etc. Pelletizing the composted
product would enhance
the value (due to higher NPK) and increase the potential shipping distance,
as well as reduce the
volume to be stored or handled.
Selecting a
clinoptilolite (zeolite) for use in Manure Waste to be used as Crop
Fertilizer
Ř
For the purpose of ammonium capture, the zeolite with the highest cation
exchange capacity for NH4+
ammonium should be used.
Ř Because
of the plant toxicity of sodium, a zeolite with a very low concentration of
exchangeable Na is
required (e.g. less than 0.7 wt. % Na2O).
Ř A
zeolite with high K (plus Ca) is preferred because K exchanged out when
ammonium replaces K is
plant available and water-soluble.
Ř A
zeolite with some exchangeable Ca is desirable so that Ca exchanged out due
to ammonium
replacement is available to form Ca-phosphate and precipitate gypsum
(hydrated CaSO4) when
organic-bound sulfur is generated under oxidizing conditions.
Ř A
zeolite with high cation-exchange capacity is desirable because it enhances
soil quality.
Ř A
zeolite with a large amount of pore space (internal surface area) is
desirable because this accelerates
the ion-exchange reactions.
Ř A
zeolite with no “clay” minerals is desirable because clays tend to reduce
both aeration and water
permeability of soil.
Ř Zeolites
from different natural deposits have variable proportions of the mineral
clinoptilolite. Thus a rock
containing a high concentration of clinoptilolite will have more
ion-exchange capacity than one with lower
concentrations of the mineral.
Ř Zeolites
with moderate physical strength will be better than those that tend to be
soft. Soft clinoptilolites
will tend to disaggregate and make dust during handling and transport. In
addition the soft zeolites that
contain minor amounts of “clay” minerals tend to “fall apart” when saturated
due to expansion of the
“clays” (e.g. montmorillonite).
Ř The
zeolite should contain no associated carbonate minerals such as calcite
(CaCO3) because this
mineral will tend to raise the pH of the manure and associated water, which
will promote conversion of
ammonium to ammonia gas.
SELECTED REFERENCES
Bailey L., and
Buckley, K., 2001, Land application of hog manure: Agronomic and
Environmental Considerations,
The Canadian perspective: p. 1-17, Proceedings for the Joint CPC/AAFC
workshop on Hogs and the Environment.
[http://res2.agr.ca/initiatives/manurenet/en/hems/bailey.html]
Bernal, M.P.,
Lopez-Real, J.M., and Scott, K.M., 1993, Application of natural zeolites for
the reduction of
ammonia emissions during the composting of organic wastes in a laboratory
composting simulator:
Bioresource Technology, v. 43, p. 35-39.
Canadian
Agri-Food Research Council, 1998, Research strategy for hog manure
management in Canada:
Research
Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, p. 1-30.
[http://res2.agr.ca/initiatives/manurenet/en/strat_man.html]
Cerjan-Stefanovia, S., and Curkovic, L., 1997, Selectivity of natural
zeolites for toxic ions, in Kirov, G.,
Filizova, L., and Petrov, O., eds., Natural Zeolites-—‘95: Proceedings of
the Sofia Zeolite meeting ’95:
Sofia, Bulgaria, Pensoft Publishers, p. 121-126.
Cintoli, R.,
DiSabatino, B., Galeotti, L., and Bruno, G., 1995, Ammonium uptake by
zeolite and treatment
in UASB reactor of piggery wastewater: Water Science and Technology, v. 32,
no. 12,
(Waste Management Problems in Agro-Industries 1995), p. 73-81.
Davis, J.G.,
Andrews, J.E., and Al-Kaisi, M.M., 1997, Liquid manure management:
Fact sheet 1.221, Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Fort
Collins, Colorado 80523, p. 1-4.
Desborough,
G.A., and Crock, J.G., 1996, Nitrogen-loading capacities of some
clinoptilolite-rich rocks:
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-661, p. 1-17.
Drummond,
J.G., Curtis, S.E., Simon, J., and Norton, H.W., 1980, Effects of aerial
ammonia on growth
and health of young pigs: Journal of Animal Science, v. 50, p. 1085-1091.
Evans, S.D.,
Goodrich, P.R., Munter, R..C. and Smith, R.E., 1977, Effects of solid and
liquid beef manure
on soil characteristics and on growth, yield, and composition of corn:
Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 6, p. 361-368.
Fulhage, C.,
and Pfost, D., 2001, Swine manure management systems in Missouri:
Univ. of Missouri Agricultural publication EQ350, p. 1-11.
[http://muextension.missouri.edu/xplor/envqual/eq0350.htm]
Ham, J.M.,
1999, Seepage loss from animal waste lagoons: Potential Impacts on
Groundwater Quality:
Research
Update, Kansas State University,
[http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/lagoon/new_page_1.htm]
Harris, D.B.,
Shores, R.C., and Jones, L.G., undated, Ammonia emission factors from swine
finishing
operations: EPA, Office of Research and Development National Risk Management
Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, NC. (From Harris, D.B., and Thompson, E.L., 1998,
Evaluation of Ammonia
Emissions from swine operations in North Carolina:
Proceedings of Emission Inventory—Living in a Global Environment,
VI-88,
and p. 420-429. Air and Waste Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA.)
Jorgensen,
S.E., Libor, O., Lea grabber, K., and Barkacs, K., 1976,
Ammonia removal by use of clinoptilolite: Water Resources, v. 10, p.
213-224.
Kroger, R.,
and Pfeiffer, A., 1995, Examination of feed- and slurry-additives for
decrease of ammonia
emissions from pig houses: DTW, Deutsche Tieraerztliche Wochenschrift, v.
102, no. 8, p. 316-320.
Lefcourt,
A.M., and Meisinger, J.J., 2001, Effect of adding alum and zeolite to dairy
slurry on ammonium
volatilization and chemical composition: Journal of Dairy Science, v. 84,p.
1814-1821.
Milan, Z.,
Sanchez, E., Weiland, P., DeLas Pozas, C., Borja, R., Mayari, R., and
Rovirosa, N., 1997,
Ammonia removal from anerobically treated piggery manure by ion exchange in
columns packed with
homoionic zeolite: Chemical engineering Journal (Lausanne) v. 66, no. 1, p.
65-71.
Nguyen, M.L.,
and Tanner, C.C., 1998, Ammonium removal from wastewaters using natural
zeolites:
New Zealand
Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 41. p. 427-446.
Pond, W.G.,
1995 Zeolites in animal nutrition and health: A review, in Ming,
D.W., and Mumpton,
F.A., eds. Natural Zeolites ’93: Occurrence, Properties, Use, June 20-28,
1993: Boise, Idaho,
International Committee on Natural Zeolites, Brockport, New York, p.
449-457.
Poulson, H.D.,
and Oksbjerg, N., 1995, Effect of dietary inclusion of a zeolite
(clinoptilolite) on
performance and protein metabolism of young growing pigs:
Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 53, no. 3, 4, p. 297-303.
Ramos, A.J.,
and Hernandez, E., 1997, Prevention of aflatoxicosis in farm animals by
means of
hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate addition to feed stuffs:
A review: Animal Feed Science and Technology, v. 65, p. 197-206.
Silva, S.,
Baffi, C., and Piva, A., 1993, Removal of ammonia nitrogen from pig wastes
using natural
zeolites: Annali della Facolta di Agaria (University Cattalica del Sacro
Cuore), v. 33, no. 1, p. 59-78.
Sutton, A.L.,
Nelson, D.W., Mayrose, V.B., Nye, J.C., and Kelly, D.T., 1984,
Effects of varying salt levels in liquid swine manure on soil composition
and corn yield:
Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 13, p. 49-59.
Tomasevia-Canovic, M., Dumic, M., Vukicevic, O., Masic, Z., Zurovac-Kuzman,
O., and Dakovic, A.,
1997, Adsorption of mycotoxins on modified clinoptilolite, in Kirov,
G., Filizova, L., and Petrov, O., eds.,
Natural Zeolites--’95: Proceedings of the Sofia Zeolite Meeting ’95:
Sofia, Bulgaria,
Pensoft Publishers, p. 127-132.
Uygongco, G.,
Honeyman, M., Zimmerman, D.R., and Bundy, D., 1999, Effects of reduced
nitrogen
content and clinoptilolite supplementation of diets on growth performance,
nitrogen excretion, and odor
production: Swine Research Report ASL-R1663 (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State
University).
Veldman, A.,
and Van der Aar, P.J., 1997, Effects of dietary inclusion of a natural
clinoptilolite
(ManneliteTM) on piglet performance: Agribiological Research, v.
50, no. 4 p. 289-294.
Yannakopoulos,
A., Tserveni-Gousi, A., Kassoli-Fournaraki, A., Tsiramides, A., Michalidis,
K.,
Filippidis, A., and Lutat, U., 2000, Effects of dietary clinoptilolite-rich
tuff on the performance of
growing-finishing pigs: in Colella, C., and Mumpton, F.A. eds.
“Natural Zeolites for the third Millennium” De Frede Editore, Napoli, Italy,
p. 471-481.
Properties of some natural
clinoptilolites for commercial sale by producers
or marketers in the U.S.and Canada.
n.r. = not
reported
|
|
|
Deposit or Marketer:
Zeotech
St.
Cloud Mining
Bear
River Zeolite |
|
Location: Tilden, TX Winston,
NM Preston, ID |
|
Oxide, weight %
Ca-rich
K-rich |
|
SiO2
65.4
65.7 67.4 |
|
Al2O3
12.1
12.0 10.6 |
|
Fe2O3
1.11 1.28
1.70 |
|
MgO 0.9
1.27 0.45 |
|
CaO
4.39
3.08 2.23 |
|
Na2O
1.11 0.60 0.59 |
|
K2O
1.18
2.27 4.19 |
|
TiO2
0.19
0.22 0.27 |
|
P2O5
0.09
0.12 0.10 |
|
MnO
0.10
0.06 <0.01 |
|
LOI, 925oC
12.2 12.3
11.4 |
|
Data Source
-------------------------USGS Open-File report
99-17--------------------------- |
Diluent
opal CT, opal CT, opal CT,
Minerals: “clay”, calcite quartz,
mica quartz, mica,
(by XRD)
plagioclase
Surface
area (m2/g): 67.1 14.1
24.9
Nitrogen
exchange capacity 1.48% 1.33% 1.85-2.2%
(USGS Open
file Report 96-661 table 10 for exchanged Nitrogen)
|
Deposit |
|
or Marketer:
W-way Zeolites Ash Meadows Zeolite Agricola
Metals |
|
Location:
Kingston, Ont. Can Armagosa Valley, NV Princeton, NJ
|
|
Oxide, wt. %
101 102
|
|
SiO2
65.8 66.9 68.9
64.7 |
|
Al2O3
14.3 10.5
11.0 14.16 |
|
Fe2O3
2.6 0.92
0.88 1.8
|
|
MgO
1.3 0.57 0.34
1.1 |
|
CaO
3.4 1.15
1.17 2.0-2.7
|
|
Na2O
2.5 2.95 3.20
0.67 |
|
K2O
2.7 4.12 5.05 3.4
|
|
TiO2
0.3 0.11 0.11
n.r. |
|
P2O5
n.r. n.r. n.r.
n.r. |
|
MnO
0.04 0.03
0.02 n.r.
|
|
LOI
5.7 9.00 9.4
n.r. |
Data Source: www.naturalzeolites. www.badgerminingcorp.
www.agricolametals.
com/propert.htm com/ashmeadows/ com/order.html
Diluent Mineral no sample quartz, calcite,
orthoclase no sample (by XRD)
Nitrogen exchange capacity --------not known for these
-----------------------------
Surface area (m2/g):
? 14.5 ?
Data Updated
08/10/01GAD
|